Physics Formula Sheet
Complete collection of Physics formulas for Class 11, 12, JEE, and NEET. Quick reference for revision and exams.
Mechanics
Kinematics
- v = u + at Final velocity
- s = ut + ½at² Displacement
- v² = u² + 2as Velocity-displacement
- s = ½(u + v)t Average velocity
- sₙ = u + a(2n-1)/2 nth second displacement
Projectile Motion
- R = u²sin2θ/g Range
- H = u²sin²θ/2g Max height
- T = 2usinθ/g Time of flight
- R_max at θ = 45° Maximum range
Newtons Laws
- F = ma Force
- F = dp/dt Rate of change of momentum
- f = μN Friction
- F₁₂ = -F₂₁ Action-Reaction
Work, Energy, Power
- W = F.s.cosθ Work done
- KE = ½mv² Kinetic energy
- PE = mgh Potential energy
- P = W/t = F.v Power
Rotational Motion
- τ = r × F = Iα Torque
- L = Iω = mvr Angular momentum
- I = Σmr² Moment of inertia
- KE_rot = ½Iω² Rotational KE
Gravitation
- F = GMm/r² Gravitational force
- g = GM/R² Acceleration due to gravity
- v_e = √(2gR) Escape velocity
- T² ∝ r³ Keplers 3rd law
Waves & Optics
Wave Motion
- v = fλ Wave velocity
- y = A sin(ωt – kx) Wave equation
- v = √(T/μ) String wave velocity
- f = (n/2L)√(T/μ) Standing wave frequency
Sound
- v = 331.5√(1 + t/273) Speed in air
- f′ = f(v±v_o)/(v∓v_s) Doppler effect
- I = P/4πr² Intensity
- β = 10 log(I/I₀) Sound level (dB)
Ray Optics
- 1/f = 1/v + 1/u Mirror/Lens formula
- m = -v/u = h_i/h_o Magnification
- n = c/v = sin i/sin r Refractive index
- 1/f = (n-1)(1/R₁ – 1/R₂) Lens makers formula
Wave Optics
- d sinθ = nλ Diffraction maxima
- β = λD/d Fringe width (YDSE)
- I = I₀ cos²(φ/2) Interference intensity
Thermodynamics
Heat & Temperature
- Q = mcΔT Heat absorbed
- Q = mL Latent heat
- ΔL = αLΔT Linear expansion
- PV = nRT Ideal gas equation
Laws of Thermodynamics
- ΔU = Q – W First law
- W = ∫PdV Work done
- η = 1 – T₂/T₁ Carnot efficiency
- ΔS = Q/T Entropy change
Kinetic Theory
- P = (1/3)ρv²_rms Pressure
- KE = (3/2)kT Average KE per molecule
- v_rms = √(3RT/M) RMS velocity
Electricity & Magnetism
Electrostatics
- F = kq₁q₂/r² Coulombs law
- E = kq/r² Electric field
- V = kq/r Electric potential
- C = Q/V = ε₀A/d Capacitance
- U = ½CV² = ½QV Energy stored
Current Electricity
- V = IR Ohms law
- R = ρL/A Resistance
- P = VI = I²R Power
- 1/R_eq = Σ(1/R_i) Parallel resistance
Magnetism
- F = qvB sinθ Lorentz force
- F = BIL sinθ Force on conductor
- B = μ₀I/2πr Field around wire
- B = μ₀nI Solenoid field
Electromagnetic Induction
- ε = -dΦ/dt Faradays law
- ε = BLv Motional EMF
- L = NΦ/I Self inductance
- X_L = ωL, X_C = 1/ωC Reactance
Modern Physics
Photoelectric Effect
- E = hν = hc/λ Photon energy
- KE_max = hν – φ Einstein equation
- λ_th = hc/φ Threshold wavelength
Atomic Physics
- E_n = -13.6/n² eV Hydrogen energy levels
- r_n = 0.529n² Å Bohr radius
- 1/λ = R(1/n₁² – 1/n₂²) Spectral lines
Nuclear Physics
- N = N₀e^(-λt) Radioactive decay
- T_½ = 0.693/λ Half-life
- E = mc² Mass-energy relation
- BE = Δm × c² Binding energy
